Foraged

Spruce tips and immature cones: how to ID, harvest, and eat

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In this article, you’ll find out how to identify, harvest, and eat the tender young growth tips and immature cones of spruce trees during spring.  


Quick safety warning

Before detailing how to eat the tender needle buds/tips and immature cones of a spruce tree, we’ll sound the same warning here as in our beginner’s guide to foragingAlways make sure you’re 100% confident in your plant identification AND its edibility BEFORE you eat it.

Spruce trees are edible and safe. However, a novice forager might make the mistake of eating the needles of a deadly yew species, another type of conifer that’s quite easy to identify once you’re familiar with them. 

The needles on a yew. This conifer is highly toxic and should never be eaten.

The needles on a yew. This conifer is highly toxic and should never be eaten.

How to identify a spruce tree

As we detail in our complete guide to eating conifer trees, here’s how to identify a spruce tree: 

  • Mature cones hang down, rather than being upright.
  • Each needle is short, around 1″ in length or less.
  • Each needle is attached to the stem individually, not in bundles like pines.
  • Needles attach to the stem/branch via small brown woody pegs, aka sterigmata (when needles drop, this leaves the branches with a rough texture, unlike fir branches which are smooth).
  • The needles are dense/firm and *typically terminate in sharp points. (Ouch! is one of the ways you can usually identify a spruce, unlike firs which don’t poke back when touched.) 
  • Needles have a square, four-sided shape which allows you to easily roll them between your thumb and index finger (unlike flat fir needles, which don’t roll).

*Note: Not all spruce species produce sharp needles.

Which species of spruce are edible? 

All spruce tree species produce edible parts. Flavor and culinary quality may vary rather dramatically between spruce species, season, and region. 

Spruce trees have a long history of use as both a nutrient-rich food source and for medicinal purposes. Our personal favorite edible spruce species of the ones we’ve tried over the years are Blue spruce (Picea pungens) and Norway spruce (Picea abies).    

Unfortunately for us, spruce trees are quite rare in our warm southern Zone 7b climate since they are not native to our area. Thus, the only spruce trees around us are ones people have planted in landscapes. Fortunately for us, we know the location of multiple spruce trees within a one mile radius of our home. 

Since The Tyrant isn’t thrilled about me foraging plants in other people’s front yards (hey, they’re not eating them!) we’ve arrived at a happy compromise: we’re now growing our own Blue spruce tree in a pot which we’ll be able to use for food once it grows larger. Grow, baby, grow!

Spruce tips on our young, potted Blue spruce.

April 13 – Spruce tips on our young, potted Blue spruce.

We also plan to bring our potted spruce tree indoors during December for our family’s holiday festivities.  

What parts of a spruce tree are edible?

Edible conifers (including spruce trees) have different edible parts depending on: a) the exact species, and b) the time of year. Thus, you have to get to know your local edible conifer species during each season.

Edible parts of a spruce tree include: 

  1. inner bark / cambium layer 
  2. mature needles (more fibrous and strongly flavored)
  3. immature needle buds/tips (tender and milder in flavor)
  4. immature cones
  5. pollen.
Immature cones and tips from a spruce tree, wonderful flavors of spring.

Immature cones and tips from a spruce tree, wonderful flavors of spring.

Eating the inner bark of the tree requires you to kill it, so that’s something you should only do if you’re clearing land or have to take down a spruce tree anyway. For recipes and ideas for using the mature needles, see our article about how to eat your Christmas tree

Below, we’ll focus on harvesting and using a spruce tree’s immature needle tips and cones, which can be found in abundance at this point in the year (spring). 

Harvesting & eating immature spruce needle tips 

Spruces are evergreen but they don’t actively put on new growth in the winter. As they begin to break dormancy in late winter to early spring (depending on climate region), their needle buds open at the end of their branches, producing tender vibrant-green tips. 

Amongst the species we’ve sampled, spruce tips are culinary gold. They’re tender with flavors resembling citrus and rosemary. 

To harvest them, simply pinch off the tips, no tools required. Don’t denude the tree(s) you’re harvesting from. Instead only harvest a small fraction of what’s on the tree and only harvest from the lower branches, not the top of the tree. 

Only harvesting spruce tips from the base of the tree is pretty easy when the tree is as tall as a Norway spruce, which can grow to 200 feet tall.

Only harvesting spruce tips from the base of the tree is pretty easy when the tree is as tall as a Norway spruce, which can grow to 200 feet tall.

When do you harvest spruce tips? 

Harvest spruce tips from late winter through spring, depending on your climate zone. For us here in Zone 7b the best harvesting window for spruce tips is during the month of April.   

How do you eat spruce tips? 

Spruce tips can be eaten raw, cooked, or dried and powdered like a spice/flavoring. We add them raw to salads, use them to flavor desserts, and use the powder to bring unique color and flavor to dishes. 

However, despite their intense flavors when raw, the compounds that give spruce tips their unique taste are fairly volatile, so they can all but disappear if you cook them for too long. That’s why spruce tip tea is made by pouring hot water over the needles, not boiling them for a long time.

Spruce tips also go beautifully in dairy desserts, especially in no-bake or short cook time desserts. Good example: try Alan Bergo’s spruce tip ice cream.           

Harvesting & eating immature spruce cones

Spruce trees are monoecious, producing both male and female reproductive organs on the same plant. Some spruce species produce distinct, but smaller male cones along with the larger female cones. (Only pick male cones in these spruce species so the tree can still produce as many seeds as possible.)

However, some spruce species like Norway spruce produce male cones that look more like catkins than cones. The pollen they produce might be edible, but the cones aren’t. While the male organs of a Norway spruce aren’t visually impressive or edible, the immature female cones are strikingly beautiful and a choice edible. 

Spruce cones and tips can be harvested in spring from the same tree. Note the distinct red-colored female cones of this Norway spruce relative to the male parts of the same tree, which are technically cones but look more like catkins. Other spruce species produce male cones that look more like miniature versions of the females, as we'll detail below.

Spruce cones and tips can be harvested in spring from the same tree. Note the distinct red-colored female cones of this Norway spruce relative to the male parts of the same tree, which are technically cones but look more like catkins. Other spruce species produce male cones that look more like miniature versions of the female cones.

Female Norway spruce cones are the largest cone produced by any spruce species. They start off in an upright position on the branch and feature a vibrant pink-purple color. As they begin to mature and take on a green hue, they begin to transition into their final *downward-facing position. (*Note: Downward facing mature cones is one way to help identify spruce trees.) Eventually, the mature brown cones open to release their seeds. 

Generally, the younger the immature spruce cone is, the better it is from an edibility standpoint (especially if you’re using a recipe where the whole cone is consumed rather than just used as a flavoring before being discarded). However, you can still harvest and use the cones after they’ve started to take on some green coloration.    

These female Norway spruce cones were harvested in late April in Ag Zone 7b.

These female Norway spruce cones were harvested in late April in Ag Zone 7b.

When do you harvest spruce cones?

Depending on your climate region, immature spruce cones may be harvested from February through May. 

How do you eat immature spruce cones? 

While you can technically eat young tender spruce cones raw, they’re pretty intensely flavored. Thus, they’re best cooked or fermented with the aim of either tenderizing them to be eaten whole or releasing their flavors into another medium like sugar or syrup. 

For example, just before writing this article, I thin-sliced an immature female Norway spruce cone, sauteed it in butter with a bit of salt until lightly browned on both sides, then added a splash of maple syrup before immediately removing the pan from heat. 

The spruce cones were rendered tender, delicious, and sweet. I poured the mixture over yogurt as a lunch treat. Even The Tyrant was impressed by the flavor, despite me having sourced the cones from someone else’s front yard! 

Pan-roasted spruce cones with maple syrup over yogurt. Simple and delicious!

Pan-roasted immature Norway spruce cones with maple syrup over yogurt. Simple and delicious!

Cleaning tip: You can remove any sticky resin from your knife or hands by wiping them with a towel or paper towel coated in cooking oil. 

Spruce cone recipes

Some of our favorite foragers have created great recipes that you can make, substituting spruce cones 1:1 for pine cones. Check out:

These are foundational recipes which you can use on/in everything from pancakes, to meat glazes, to desserts, to drinks. 


We hope the information in this article helps you get started on your journey to using the immature cones and tips of spruce trees each spring. Let us know how you spruce up your meals with this tasty food!   

KIGI,

Tyrantfarms

Other coniferous articles you’ll want to sink your teeth into:

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4 Comments

  • Reply
    Edith
    September 4, 2024 at 3:37 pm

    “Thus, they’re best cooked or fermented with the aim of either tenderizing them to be eaten whole”

    I am so curious about fermenting cones! Could you say more about this or recommend resources?

    • Reply
      Susan von Frank
      September 5, 2024 at 11:07 pm

      We’ve made mugolio (fermented cone syrup). Alan Bergo’s mugolio recipe is linked in the article. We’ve also made fermented soda with immature cones. Both recipes are great and easy to make, although they require a bit of patience. There are lots of recipes online for cone soda. Those are a great place to start!

  • Reply
    Cara
    April 15, 2024 at 6:45 pm

    I’ve had a difficult time finding info the Norway Spruce cones. Recently I harvest a bunch of the very small, immature, red female cones. Are these any good when they are very, very small? Or should I wait for them to get bigger?

    • Reply
      Aaron von Frank
      April 16, 2024 at 1:26 pm

      Hi Cara! Yes, the red immature spruce cones are wonderful. They’re quite mild at that stage in development; almost like a berry in consistency more so than a conifer cone. My son and I were nibbling on some last week!

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